Cristofori and the Pianoforte

While his name may not be well known, anyone who plays the piano should have at least heard of him. After all, when we play the piano, we all want to feel Bartolomeo Cristofori’s groundbreaking invention under our fingers.

The Italian instrument maker Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655-1731) changed the world of keyboard instruments by inventing the action mechanism of the fortepiano. Revolutionary at the time, the fortepiano was the first instrument to allow dynamic playing across the entire keyboard. This also gave the new instrument its name: the fortepiano, or pianoforte for more modern instruments.

Dynamic Transmission of Velocity

When Bartolomeo Cristofori accepted a position as an instrument maker and tuner for Ferdinando de Medici at the end of the 17th century, he worked on the development of a new action mechanism. His primary concern here was the free dynamic transmission of velocity with the immediate release of the piano string. His mechanism moves the hammer onto the string and lifts the damper at the same time.

From Harpsichord Instruments to Touch Sensitivity

Before the invention of the pianoforte, the harpsichord was the predominant keyboard instrument. Its strings are not struck by hammers but plucked by a plectrum made from quill or plastic.  The term ‘harpsichord’ is also used for the whole group of similar plucked-keyboard instruments, which also includes the spinet. However, unlike other plucked string instruments, the mechanics of the harpsichord do not allow for touch-sensitive playing. Therefore, this instrument will never reach its full expressive potential.

Admire Cristofori’s Instruments Yourself!

You’ll find Cristofori instruments from the Medici collection in several museums. For example, you could admire the instrument pictured above in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The Museum of Musical Instruments at the University of Leipzig has also dedicated an exhibition room to Cristofori. This extensive exhibition of historical musical instruments is definitely worth a visit – it even includes original instruments from Ferdinando de Medici’s collection.

Historical Sounds

Of course, you rarely hear historical instruments today. In the video below of a concert at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, you can hear that the sound of the Cristofori instrument, while touch-sensitive, is still far from what we know as piano sound today.

It is also possible to electronically recreate these sounds if you want to play historical music. For instance, every digital piano has at least one harpsichord or cembalo sound. The Modartt Pianoteq software piano is highly interesting in this context: It offers several historical instruments from the collection of the Kremsegg Castle Museum near Linz in Austria as virtual instruments.

Christofori Doodle

In honor of Bartolomeo Christofori’s invention, Google dedicated a Doodle to him on his 360th birthday. While the doodle is very simple, it actually illustrates the principle of the fortepiano very well: you can control the player with the piano-forte slider to make the melody louder or quieter.